Disputes he ever received the equipment, an accuracy problem, not willingness.

Not a willingness question yet. He disputes ever receiving the equipment, so the charge has to be verified before anything else. If it stays contested, it belongs with a person.

Downside if wrong. Worst case if an inferred signal is wrong: one text sent at a suboptimal hour. No account is escalated, dunned, or charged based on an inference. 0 of 8 signals below are inferred; the rest are observed.